Tree¶
-
class
menpo.shape.
Tree
(adjacency_matrix, root_vertex, copy=True, skip_checks=False)[source]¶ Bases:
DirectedGraph
Class for Tree definitions and manipulation.
Parameters: - adjacency_matrix (
(n_vertices, n_vertices, )
ndarray or csr_matrix) –The adjacency matrix of the tree in which the rows represent parents and columns represent children. The non-edges must be represented with zeros and the edges can have a weight value.
Note: A tree must not have isolated vertices. - root_vertex (int) – The vertex to be set as root.
- copy (bool, optional) – If
False
, theadjacency_matrix
will not be copied on assignment. - skip_checks (bool, optional) – If
True
, no checks will be performed.
Raises: ValueError
– adjacency_matrix must be either a numpy.ndarray or a scipy.sparse.csr_matrix.ValueError
– Graph must have at least two vertices.ValueError
– adjacency_matrix must be square (n_vertices, n_vertices, ), ({adjacency_matrix.shape[0]}, {adjacency_matrix.shape[1]}) given instead.ValueError
– The provided edges do not represent a tree.ValueError
– The root_vertex must be in the range[0, n_vertices - 1]
.ValueError
– The combination of adjacency matrix and root vertex is not valid. BFS returns a different tree.
Examples
The following tree
0 | ___|___ 1 2 | | _|_ | 3 4 5 | | | | | | 6 7 8
can be defined as
import numpy as np adjacency_matrix = np.array([[0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]) tree = Tree(adjacency_matrix, root_vertex=0)
or
from scipy.sparse import csr_matrix adjacency_matrix = csr_matrix(([1] * 8, ([0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8])), shape=(9, 9)) tree = Tree(adjacency_matrix, root_vertex=0)
-
children
(vertex, skip_checks=False)¶ Returns the children of the selected vertex.
Parameters: - vertex (int) – The selected vertex.
- skip_checks (bool, optional) – If
False
, the given vertex will be checked.
Returns: children (list) – The list of children.
Raises: ValueError
– The vertex must be between 0 and {n_vertices-1}.
-
depth_of_vertex
(vertex, skip_checks=False)[source]¶ Returns the depth of the specified vertex.
Parameters: - vertex (int) – The selected vertex.
- skip_checks (bool, optional) – If
False
, the given vertex will be checked.
Returns: depth (int) – The depth of the selected vertex.
Raises: ValueError
– The vertex must be in the range[0, n_vertices - 1]
.
-
find_all_paths
(start, end, path=[])¶ Returns a list of lists with all the paths (without cycles) found from start vertex to end vertex.
Parameters: - start (int) – The vertex from which the paths start.
- end (int) – The vertex from which the paths end.
- path (list, optional) – An existing path to append to.
Returns: paths (list of list) – The list containing all the paths from start to end.
-
find_all_shortest_paths
(algorithm='auto', unweighted=False)¶ Returns the distances and predecessors arrays of the graph’s shortest paths.
Parameters: - algorithm (‘str’, see below, optional) –
The algorithm to be used. Possible options are:
‘dijkstra’ Dijkstra’s algorithm with Fibonacci heaps ‘bellman-ford’ Bellman-Ford algorithm ‘johnson’ Johnson’s algorithm ‘floyd-warshall’ Floyd-Warshall algorithm ‘auto’ Select the best among the above - unweighted (bool, optional) – If
True
, then find unweighted distances. That is, rather than finding the path between each vertex such that the sum of weights is minimized, find the path such that the number of edges is minimized.
Returns: - distances (
(n_vertices, n_vertices,)
ndarray) – The matrix of distances between all graph vertices.distances[i,j]
gives the shortest distance from vertexi
to vertexj
along the graph. - predecessors (
(n_vertices, n_vertices,)
ndarray) – The matrix of predecessors, which can be used to reconstruct the shortest paths. Each entrypredecessors[i, j]
gives the index of the previous vertex in the path from vertexi
to vertexj
. If no path exists between verticesi
andj
, thenpredecessors[i, j] = -9999
.
- algorithm (‘str’, see below, optional) –
-
find_path
(start, end, method='bfs', skip_checks=False)¶ Returns a list with the first path (without cycles) found from the
start
vertex to theend
vertex. It can employ either depth-first search or breadth-first search.Parameters: - start (int) – The vertex from which the path starts.
- end (int) – The vertex to which the path ends.
- method ({
bfs
,dfs
}, optional) – The method to be used. - skip_checks (bool, optional) – If
True
, then input arguments won’t pass through checks. Useful for efficiency.
Returns: path (list) – The path’s vertices.
Raises: ValueError
– Method must be either bfs or dfs.
-
find_shortest_path
(start, end, algorithm='auto', unweighted=False, skip_checks=False)¶ Returns a list with the shortest path (without cycles) found from
start
vertex toend
vertex.Parameters: - start (int) – The vertex from which the path starts.
- end (int) – The vertex to which the path ends.
- algorithm (‘str’, see below, optional) –
The algorithm to be used. Possible options are:
‘dijkstra’ Dijkstra’s algorithm with Fibonacci heaps ‘bellman-ford’ Bellman-Ford algorithm ‘johnson’ Johnson’s algorithm ‘floyd-warshall’ Floyd-Warshall algorithm ‘auto’ Select the best among the above - unweighted (bool, optional) – If
True
, then find unweighted distances. That is, rather than finding the path such that the sum of weights is minimized, find the path such that the number of edges is minimized. - skip_checks (bool, optional) – If
True
, then input arguments won’t pass through checks. Useful for efficiency.
Returns: - path (list) –
The shortest path’s vertices, including
start
andend
. If there was not path connecting the vertices, then an empty list is returned. - distance (int or float) –
The distance (cost) of the path from
start
toend
.
-
get_adjacency_list
()¶ Returns the adjacency list of the graph, i.e. a list of length
n_vertices
that for each vertex has a list of the vertex neighbours. If the graph is directed, the neighbours are children.Returns: adjacency_list (list of list of length n_vertices
) – The adjacency list of the graph.
-
has_cycles
()¶ Checks if the graph has at least one cycle.
Returns: has_cycles (bool) – True
if the graph has cycles.
-
has_isolated_vertices
()¶ Whether the graph has any isolated vertices, i.e. vertices with no edge connections.
Returns: has_isolated_vertices (bool) – True
if the graph has at least one isolated vertex.
-
init_from_edges
(edges, n_vertices, skip_checks=False)¶ Initialize graph from edges array.
Parameters: - edges (
(n_edges, 2, )
ndarray) – The ndarray of edges, i.e. all the pairs of vertices that are connected with an edge. - n_vertices (int) – The total number of vertices, assuming that the numbering of
vertices starts from
0
.edges
andn_vertices
can be defined in a way to set isolated vertices. - skip_checks (bool, optional) – If
True
, no checks will be performed.
Examples
The following undirected graph
|---0---| | | | | 1-------2 | | | | 3-------4 | | 5
can be defined as
from menpo.shape import UndirectedGraph import numpy as np edges = np.array([[0, 1], [1, 0], [0, 2], [2, 0], [1, 2], [2, 1], [1, 3], [3, 1], [2, 4], [4, 2], [3, 4], [4, 3], [3, 5], [5, 3]]) graph = UndirectedGraph.init_from_edges(edges, n_vertices=6)
The following directed graph
|-->0<--| | | | | 1<----->2 | | v v 3------>4 | v 5
can be represented as
from menpo.shape import DirectedGraph import numpy as np edges = np.array([[1, 0], [2, 0], [1, 2], [2, 1], [1, 3], [2, 4], [3, 4], [3, 5]]) graph = DirectedGraph.init_from_edges(edges, n_vertices=6)
Finally, the following graph with isolated vertices
0---| | | 1 2 | | 3-------4 5
can be defined as
from menpo.shape import UndirectedGraph import numpy as np edges = np.array([[0, 2], [2, 0], [2, 4], [4, 2], [3, 4], [4, 3]]) graph = UndirectedGraph.init_from_edges(edges, n_vertices=6)
- edges (
-
is_edge
(vertex_1, vertex_2, skip_checks=False)¶ Whether there is an edge between the provided vertices.
Parameters: - vertex_1 (int) – The first selected vertex. Parent if the graph is directed.
- vertex_2 (int) – The second selected vertex. Child if the graph is directed.
- skip_checks (bool, optional) – If
False
, the given vertices will be checked.
Returns: is_edge (bool) –
True
if there is an edge connectingvertex_1
andvertex_2
.Raises: ValueError
– The vertex must be between 0 and {n_vertices-1}.
-
is_leaf
(vertex, skip_checks=False)[source]¶ Whether the vertex is a leaf.
Parameters: - vertex (int) – The selected vertex.
- skip_checks (bool, optional) – If
False
, the given vertex will be checked.
Returns: is_leaf (bool) – If
True
, then selected vertex is a leaf.Raises: ValueError
– The vertex must be in the range[0, n_vertices - 1]
.
-
is_tree
()¶ Checks if the graph is tree.
Returns: is_true (bool) – If the graph is a tree.
-
isolated_vertices
()¶ Returns the isolated vertices of the graph (if any), i.e. the vertices that have no edge connections.
Returns: isolated_vertices (list) – A list of the isolated vertices. If there aren’t any, it returns an empty list.
-
n_children
(vertex, skip_checks=False)¶ Returns the number of children of the selected vertex.
Parameters: vertex (int) – The selected vertex. Returns: - n_children (int) – The number of children.
- skip_checks (bool, optional) –
If
False
, the given vertex will be checked.
Raises: ValueError
– The vertex must be in the range[0, n_vertices - 1]
.
-
n_parents
(vertex, skip_checks=False)¶ Returns the number of parents of the selected vertex.
Parameters: - vertex (int) – The selected vertex.
- skip_checks (bool, optional) – If
False
, the given vertex will be checked.
Returns: n_parents (int) – The number of parents.
Raises: ValueError
– The vertex must be in the range[0, n_vertices - 1]
.
-
n_paths
(start, end)¶ Returns the number of all the paths (without cycles) existing from start vertex to end vertex.
Parameters: - start (int) – The vertex from which the paths start.
- end (int) – The vertex from which the paths end.
Returns: paths (int) – The paths’ numbers.
-
n_vertices_at_depth
(depth)[source]¶ Returns the number of vertices at the specified depth.
Parameters: depth (int) – The selected depth. Returns: n_vertices (int) – The number of vertices that lie in the specified depth.
-
parent
(vertex, skip_checks=False)[source]¶ Returns the parent of the selected vertex.
Parameters: - vertex (int) – The selected vertex.
- skip_checks (bool, optional) – If
False
, the given vertex will be checked.
Returns: parent (int) – The parent vertex.
Raises: ValueError
– The vertex must be in the range[0, n_vertices - 1]
.
-
parents
(vertex, skip_checks=False)¶ Returns the parents of the selected vertex.
Parameters: - vertex (int) – The selected vertex.
- skip_checks (bool, optional) – If
False
, the given vertex will be checked.
Returns: parents (list) – The list of parents.
Raises: ValueError
– The vertex must be in the range[0, n_vertices - 1]
.
-
vertices_at_depth
(depth)[source]¶ Returns a list of vertices at the specified depth.
Parameters: depth (int) – The selected depth. Returns: vertices (list) – The vertices that lie in the specified depth.
-
leaves
¶ Returns a list with the all leaves of the tree.
Type: list
-
maximum_depth
¶ Returns the maximum depth of the tree.
Type: int
-
n_edges
¶ Returns the number of edges.
Type: int
-
n_leaves
¶ Returns the number of leaves of the tree.
Type: int
-
n_vertices
¶ Returns the number of vertices.
Type: int
-
vertices
¶ Returns the list of vertices.
Type: list
- adjacency_matrix (